Josephson effect as a measure of quantum fluctuations in the cuprates
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Quantitative analysis of the Josephson effect is shown to provide direct information about phase fluctuations in the superconducting banks. Applying the analysis to the cuprates, substantial quantum fluctuations between d-wave and s-wave pairing are found at low temperatures. A phenomenological model of such fluctuations is introduced and solved in a self-consistent single-site approximation. The cuprate parameters are argued to lie close to an exotic superconductor phase with condensation of electron quadruplets.